From solvated ions to ion-pairing: a THz study of lanthanum(iii) hydration

Ion radius and charge density are important parameters that determine the solvation behavior in aqueous electrolyte solutions. Here, we report on high precision THz absorption measurements of solvated LaCl3 and LaBr3 using narrow-band (75–90 cm−1) p-Ge laser and wideband (30–350 cm−1) Fourier transform spectroscopy. The concentration dependent absorption up to 3.3 M shows a prominent nonlinearity indicating ion pair formation with increasing electrolyte concentration. A more detailed analysis in terms of a chemical equilibrium model allowed us to separate the ion and ion pair contributions from bulk and solvation water. Thus we were able to characterize anion and cation solvation independently. The center frequencies of the Cl− and Br− rattling modes are in agreement with those found in aqueous alkali and earth alkali halide solutions. The coupling between anion and cation hydration is found to be small. Based upon our detailed analysis we propose increasing formation of solvent shared ion pairs with increasing solute concentration. The well defined ion resonances imply that in spite of its high charge density La3+ acts locally on the water structure. Terahertz absorption spectroscopy is found here to be an experimental tool which allows us to directly observe solute hydration shells as well as ion pair formation.