Enhanced fluorescence of phthalimide compounds induced by the incorporation of electron-donating alicyclic amino groups
Literature Information
Ryoji Orita, Marius Franckevičius, Aurimas Vyšniauskas, Vidmantas Gulbinas, Haruki Sugiyama, Hidehiro Uekusa, Kenta Kanosue, Ryohei Ishige, Shinji Ando
Due to their high thermal and environmental stability, polyimides (PIs) are one of the most attractive candidates for novel highly fluorescent polymers, though photophysical studies of PIs are challenging owing to their poor solubility in common solvents. To overcome these problems, we have synthesized and examined a series of low molecular weight model imide compounds: substituted N-cyclohexylphthalimides with alicyclic amino groups at the 3 or 4-positions of the benzene rings (x-NHPIs). Their photophysical properties were systematically investigated by steady-state UV/Visible absorption, fluorescence, and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. In solution, unsubstituted N-cyclohexylphthalimide (NHPI) showed almost no emission, while x-NHPIs exhibited enhanced fluorescence emission depending on the solvent polarity. Analysis of the solvatochromism of the x-NHPIs via Lippert–Mataga plots indicated the generation of large dipole moments in the excited singlet states originating from the intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) states. The significant difference in the fluorescence quantum yields (Φ) between the 3-substituted (3Pi and 3Pyr) and 4-substituted NHPIs (4Pi and 4Pyr) strongly suggests that the former form a twisted ICT (TICT) state, whereas the latter form a planar ICT (PICT) state when excited. 4-Substituted NHPIs also show high fluorescence yields in the crystalline state. A particularly large Φ value was obtained for the 4Pi crystal, which we explain by the large intermolecular distances and the arrangement of molecules minimizing intermolecular interactions as well as the small non-radiative deactivation rate. These facts clearly demonstrate that the introduction of an alicyclic amino group into NHPI at the 4-position enhances the fluorescence quantum yields significantly, which suggests a new pathway for the development of novel, highly fluorescent PIs.
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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP) is an international journal co-owned by 19 physical chemistry and physics societies from around the world. This journal publishes original, cutting-edge research in physical chemistry, chemical physics and biophysical chemistry. To be suitable for publication in PCCP, articles must include significant innovation and/or insight into physical chemistry; this is the most important criterion that reviewers and Editors will judge against when evaluating submissions. The journal has a broad scope and welcomes contributions spanning experiment, theory, computation and data science. Topical coverage includes spectroscopy, dynamics, kinetics, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, catalysis, surface science, quantum mechanics, quantum computing and machine learning. Interdisciplinary research areas such as polymers and soft matter, materials, nanoscience, energy, surfaces/interfaces, and biophysical chemistry are welcomed if they demonstrate significant innovation and/or insight into physical chemistry. Joined experimental/theoretical studies are particularly appreciated when complementary and based on up-to-date approaches.











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