Low toxicity functionalised imidazolium salts for task specific ionic liquid electrolytes in dye-sensitised solar cells: a step towards less hazardous energy production
Literature Information
Owen Byrne, Lena Altes, Praveen K. Surolia, Marcel Spulak, Brid Quilty
Novel solvent free task specific ionic liquid (TSIL) electrolytes for dye sensitised solar cells (DSSC) were synthesised and tested. Of great concern is the replacement of low-moderate toxicity second generation ILs, with high toxicity third generation TSILs. As most 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim) and especially 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (Emim) based ILs have low toxicity, the designing of replacement TSILs of comparable toxicity is a challenge. Structural features of TSIL investigated herein were incorporation of heteroatoms into the side chain of imidazolium cations (i.e. ether, ester and amide) and anion (bromide, iodide, and triflimide [NTf2]). Preliminary toxicity screening against 20 microorganisms (8 bacteria and 12 fungi) found that all ILs, imidazolium salts, N-butylbenzimidazole (NBB) and guanidinium thiocyanate (GNCS) do not exhibit high antimicrobial toxicity. However NBB and a pentyl ester substituted IL displayed moderate toxicity to several strains of bacteria and fungi. Further toxicity testing to establish IC50 values shows several novel TSIL compounds and imidazolium salts are in fact less toxic to microorganisms (e.g. bacteria) than commonly used 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (EmimI) and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide (DmimI). We have demonstrated that the presence of ether and either ester or amide groups in the structure of the cation of the TSIL and imidazolium salts reduces antimicrobial toxicity, which is consistent with the lowering of the lipophilicity of ILs. Iodide and bromide analogues have lower toxicity than the NTf2 examples in this study. The DSSC performance using these “greener” ILs in place of the standard EmimI compare quite favourably. Two low antibacterial toxicity iodide examples exhibit photocurrents of 9.27 mA cm−2 and 8.85 mA cm−2, respectively, achieving promising efficiencies of 3.39% and 3.31%, respectively (EmimI = 4.94%). DSSC performance is further improved by 15% minimum to 66% maximum, depending on IL chosen, by the presence of small amounts of moisture and DSSCs employing a low antibacterial toxicity iodide TSIL or imidazolium salt can surpass the performance of dry EmimI. Of note the DSSC containing TSIL NTf2 examples, performed poorly compared to the halide analogues, with the outcome that the most toxic TSILs under investigation are also the least preferred based on performance.
Related Literature
T7 exo-mediated FRET-breaking combined with DSN–RNAse–TdT for the detection of microRNA with ultrahigh signal-amplification
Van Thang Nguyen, Binh Huy Le
DOI: 10.1039/C9AN00303G
Rolling circle amplification-mediated in situ synthesis of palladium nanoparticles for the ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of microRNA
Cuiling Zhang, Dan Li, Dongwei Li, Kai Wen, Xingdong Yang, Ye Zhu
DOI: 10.1039/C9AN00427K
Multi-functional derivatization of amine, hydroxyl, and carboxylate groups for metabolomic investigations of human tissue by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Tianjiao Huang, Richard Lee, Dawn S. Hui, James L. Edwards
DOI: 10.1039/C8AN00490K
Electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced charge stripping for the analysis of highly multiply charged intact polymers
Yuka Ozeki, Mizuki Omae, Shinya Kitagawa, Hajime Ohtani
DOI: 10.1039/C8AN02500B
Systematic analysis of enoxaparins from different sources with online one- and two-dimensional chromatography
Meng Zhu, Xin Wang, Lin Yi, Jawed Fareed, Robert J. Linhardt, Zhenqing Zhang
DOI: 10.1039/C9AN00399A
Near-infrared fluorescence probe for hydrogen peroxide detection: design, synthesis, and application in living systems
Jiahang Zhang, Liang Shi, Zhao Li, Dongyu Li, Xinwei Tian, Chengxiao Zhang
DOI: 10.1039/C9AN00385A
In situ construction of metal–organic framework (MOF) UiO-66 film on Parylene-patterned resonant microcantilever for trace organophosphorus molecules detection
Pengcheng Xu, Xiaoyuan Xia, Haitao Yu, Sen Zhang, Xinxin Li
DOI: 10.1039/C8AN02508H
A chip-based potentiometric sensor for a Zika virus diagnostic using 3D surface molecular imprinting
Vincent Ricotta, Yingjie Yu, Nicholas Clayton, Ya-Chen Chuang, Yantian Wang, Steffen Mueller, Kalle Levon, Marcia Simon, Miriam Rafailovich
DOI: 10.1039/C9AN00580C
Correction: A new approach to find biomarkers in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) by single-cell Raman micro-spectroscopy
Jiabao Xu, Michelle Potter, Cara Tomas, Joanna L. Elson, Karl J. Morten, Joanna Poulton, Ning Wang, Hanqing Jin, Zhaoxu Hou, Wei E. Huang
DOI: 10.1039/C9AN90055A
You might also like
What precautions should be taken when handling 4-Methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (CAS: 40716-16-3)?
When handling 4-Methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (CAS: 40716-16-3), safety go...
What is 4-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)aniline (CAS: 405058-00-6)?
4-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)aniline is an aromatic organic compound with the CAS numbe...
How is 5-{[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfanyl}-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylic acid (CAS: 338982-07-3) typically synthesized?
5-{[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfanyl}-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylic acid can ...
What is the market or research trend for 4-Benzylaniline hydrochloride (CAS: 6317-57-3)?
The market for 4-Benzylaniline hydrochloride (CAS: 6317-57-3) is steadily growin...
Is [3-(Diethylsulfamoyl)phenyl]boronic acid (CAS: 871329-58-7) safe?
[3-(Diethylsulfamoyl)phenyl]boronic acid is generally considered safe when handl...
What are the main uses of 3-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyaniline (CAS: 115929-62-9)?
3-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyaniline is mainly used in the pharmaceutical and chemical i...
What regulatory guidelines apply to N-Methyl-1-(5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanamine (CAS: 915922-67-7)?
N-Methyl-1-(5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanamine (CAS: 915922-67-7) is subject to ...
What industries use Carbamic acid, N-[(5S)-5,6-diamino-6-oxohexyl]-, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester (CAS: 24828-96-4)?
This compound is primarily used in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis...
How should 2-Methyl-2-propanyl [(1S,3R)-3-aminocyclohexyl]carbamate (CAS: 1298101-47-9) be stored?
2-Methyl-2-propanyl [(1S,3R)-3-aminocyclohexyl]carbamate (CAS: 1298101-47-9) sho...
What industries use Ethyl 2-bromo-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoate (CAS: 367-33-9)?
Ethyl 2-bromo-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoate (CAS: 367-33-9) is utilized in the pharma...
Source Journal
Green Chemistry

Green Chemistry provides a unique forum for the publication of innovative research on the development of alternative green and sustainable technologies. The scope of Green Chemistry is based on, but not limited to, the definition proposed by Anastas and Warner (Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, P T Anastas and J C Warner, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998). Green chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Green Chemistry is at the frontiers of this continuously-evolving interdisciplinary science and publishes research that attempts to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing a technology base that is inherently non-toxic to living things and the environment. Submissions on all aspects of research relating to the endeavour are welcome. The journal publishes original and significant cutting-edge research that is likely to be of wide general appeal. To be published, work must present a significant advance in green chemistry. Papers must contain a comparison with existing methods and demonstrate advantages over those methods before publication can be considered. For more information please see this Editorial. Coverage includes the following, but is not limited to: Design (e.g. biomimicry, design for degradation/recycling/reduced toxicity…) Reagents & Feedstocks (e.g. renewables, CO2, solvents, auxiliary agents, waste utilization…) Synthesis (e.g. organic, inorganic, synthetic biology…) Catalysis (e.g. homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzyme, whole cell…) Process (e.g. process design, intensification, separations, recycling, efficiency…) Energy (e.g. renewable energy, fuels, photovoltaics, fuel cells, energy storage, energy carriers…) Applications (e.g. electronics, dyes, consumer products, coatings, pharmaceuticals, preservatives, building materials, chemicals for industry/agriculture/mining…) Impact (e.g. safety, metrics, LCA, sustainability, (eco)toxicology…) Green chemistry is, by definition, a continuously-evolving frontier. Therefore, the inclusion of a particular material or technology does not, of itself, guarantee that a paper is suitable for the journal. To be suitable, the novel advance should have the potential for reduced environmental impact relative to the state of the art. Green Chemistry does not normally deal with research associated with 'end-of-pipe' or remediation issues.














![(4aR,5S,6R,8aS)-5-[2-(3-Furyl)ethyl]-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-5,6-dimethyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid structure (4aR,5S,6R,8aS)-5-[2-(3-Furyl)ethyl]-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-5,6-dimethyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid structure](https://static.chemtradehub.com/structs/184/18411-75-1-d4cd.webp)