Recent advances in vanadium-based nanomaterials and their composites for supercapacitors

In recent years, supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of energy storage, and the design and engineering of effective electrode materials represent a critical part of research efforts. Consequently, vanadium(V)-based nanocomposites are of particular interest, primarily because V possesses a variety of valence states (i.e., V2+, V3+, V4+, and V5+) and is cost efficient. In this review article, vanadium oxides, vanadium nitrides, vanadium sulfides, and mixed metal vanadates are primarily studied as V-based materials. Further, these compounds exhibit unique properties. In addition, recent advances in the preparation and electrochemical activity of V-based nanocomposites for SC applications are summarized with regard to synthesis methods, nanocomposite morphologies, and electrochemical performances. This review is concluded with a perspective, where promises and challenges of functional nanocomposites for SC applications are highlighted.