Hydrotrope accumulation around the drug: the driving force for solubilization and minimum hydrotrope concentration for nicotinamide and urea
Literature Information
Jonathan J. Booth, Muhiadin Omar, Seishi Shimizu
Nicotinamide is an effective non-micellar hydrotrope (solubilizer) for drugs with low aqueous solubility. To clarify the molecular basis of nicotinamide’s hydrotropic effectiveness, we present here a rigorous statistical thermodynamic theory, based on the Kirkwood–Buff theory of solutions, and our recent application of it to hydrotropy. We have shown that (i) nicotinamide self-association reduces solubilization efficiency, contrary to the previous hypothesis which claimed that self-association drives solubilization and (ii) the minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC), namely, the threshold concentration above which solubility suddenly increases, is caused not by the bulk-phase self-association of nicotinamides as has been postulated previously, but by the enhancement of nicotinamide–nicotinamide interaction around the drug molecules. We have thus established a new view of hydrotropy – it is nicotinamide’s non-stoichiometric accumulation around the drug that is the basis of solubility increase above MHC.
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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP) is an international journal co-owned by 19 physical chemistry and physics societies from around the world. This journal publishes original, cutting-edge research in physical chemistry, chemical physics and biophysical chemistry. To be suitable for publication in PCCP, articles must include significant innovation and/or insight into physical chemistry; this is the most important criterion that reviewers and Editors will judge against when evaluating submissions. The journal has a broad scope and welcomes contributions spanning experiment, theory, computation and data science. Topical coverage includes spectroscopy, dynamics, kinetics, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, catalysis, surface science, quantum mechanics, quantum computing and machine learning. Interdisciplinary research areas such as polymers and soft matter, materials, nanoscience, energy, surfaces/interfaces, and biophysical chemistry are welcomed if they demonstrate significant innovation and/or insight into physical chemistry. Joined experimental/theoretical studies are particularly appreciated when complementary and based on up-to-date approaches.













![Disodium (6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-8-oxo-3-({[1-(sulfonatomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate structure Disodium (6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl]amino}-8-oxo-3-({[1-(sulfonatomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate structure](https://static.chemtradehub.com/structs/612/61270-78-8-6b58.webp)
