Light cycling as a key to understanding the outdoor behaviour of perovskite solar cells

Literature Information

Publication Date 2023-12-01
DOI 10.1039/D3EE03508E
Impact Factor 38.532
Authors

Mark Khenkin, Hans Köbler, Rajarshi Roy, Ulas Erdil, Jinzhao Li, Nga Phung, Ghefar Adwan, Gopinath Paramasivam, Quiterie Emery, Eva Unger, Rutger Schlatmann, Carolin Ulbrich, Antonio Abate


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Abstract

Forecasting the real-world stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using indoor accelerated tests is a significant challenge on the way to commercialising this highly anticipated PV technology. The lack of outdoor data and considerable magnitude of meta-stability effects (or reversible changes) in PSCs’ performance over the day–night cycle makes it particularly challenging to correlate results of the commonly utilised light-soaking ageing test with outdoor experiments. Here we show the variety of short-term and long-term ageing behaviours by testing PSCs of various architectures under constant and intermitted light indoors and exposing them to natural conditions outdoors. We demonstrate that it is impossible to predict the results of a light cycling test from a continuous light test without prior knowledge of the ageing patterns for a particular device architecture. Cycling the light does not necessarily lead to an increased lifetime as expected due to dark time recovery. Instead, it sometimes reveals a different degradation behaviour resulting in a drastic lifetime reduction. The presence of various degradation patterns for different PSCs implies that an accelerated ageing with constant light experiment is no “worst-case scenario” and thus cannot replace the light cycling test nor can it reproduce the real-world scenarios. Furthermore, we show unique sets of weeks-to-years-long outdoor series on different PSCs highlighting the monumental importance of accounting for the meta-stability effects when analysing PSC outdoor data as opposed to simply following evaluation routines developed for silicon-based devices. In particular, meta-stability complicates the decoupling of the effects of environmental conditions from the cell's ageing behaviour and can result in large artefacts. A varying degree of saturation of reversible processes also results in unusual strong seasonality documented for PSCs, with summer representing favourable conditions for some PSCs’ energy generation compared to winter, despite higher temperatures. For the first time, the decisive impact of meta-stable processes on the outdoor performance and stability of perovskite solar cells is demonstrated, with data from over two years in the field, which is the longest outdoor exposure of PSCs reported so far to the best of our knowledge. The correlation between the outdoor results and those from the light cycled experiments is evident.

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Source Journal

Energy & Environmental Science

Energy & Environmental Science
CiteScore: 32.34
Self-citation Rate: 3.4%
Articles per Year: 481

Energy & Environmental Science is an international journal dedicated to publishing exceptionally important and high quality, agenda-setting research tackling the key global and societal challenges of ensuring the provision of energy and protecting our environment for the future. The scope is intentionally broad and the journal recognises the complexity of issues and challenges relating to energy conversion and storage, alternative fuel technologies and environmental science. For work to be published it must be linked to the energy-environment nexus and be of significant general interest to our community-spanning readership. All scales of studies and analysis, from impactful fundamental advances, to interdisciplinary research across the (bio)chemical, (bio/geo)physical sciences and chemical engineering disciplines are welcomed. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following: Solar energy conversion and photovoltaics Solar fuels and artificial photosynthesis Fuel cells Hydrogen storage and (bio) hydrogen production Materials for energy systems Capture, storage and fate of CO2, including chemicals and fuels from CO2 Catalysis for a variety of feedstocks (for example, oil, gas, coal, biomass and synthesis gas) Biofuels and biorefineries Materials in extreme environments Environmental impacts of energy technologies Global atmospheric chemistry and climate change as related to energy systems Water-energy nexus Energy systems and networks Globally applicable principles of energy policy and techno-economics

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