A highly selective and sensitive red-emitting fluorescent probe for visualization of endogenous peroxynitrite in living cells and zebrafish

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) has been proven to participate in various physiological and pathological processes, and may also be a contributing factor in many diseases. In view of this, there is a need to develop detection tools for unambiguously tracking a small amount of endogenous ONOO− to reveal its exact mechanisms. In this paper, a colorimetric and red-emitting fluorescent probe Red-PN, based on a rhodamine-type fluorophore and hydrazide reactive site is described. The probe Red-PN possesses the advantages of rapid response (within 5 s), visual color change (from colorless to pink), preeminent sensitivity (detection limit = 4.3 nM) and selectivity. Because of these outstanding performances, it was possible to accurately detect endogenous ONOO−. It was encouraging that the probe Red-PN could be used effectively for tracking the relatively low levels of endogenous and exogenous ONOO− in living cells and zebrafish. Thus, it is envisioned that the probe Red-PN would have promising prospects in applications for imaging ONOO− in a variety of biological settings.