How is 3,4-Furandicarboxylic acid (CAS: 3387-26-6) typically synthesized?

3,4-Furandicarboxylic acid is typically synthesized by the ring oxidation of 2,5-furandione. This process often involves the use of peroxyacids as oxidants. The reaction is conducted in an aqueous phase with careful control of temperature and pH to achieve high yield and selectivity. Catalysts such as sulfuric acid are sometimes used to enhance the reaction efficiency.