How is 3-Nitrocinnamic Acid (CAS: 555-68-0) typically synthesized?

3-Nitrocinnamic Acid can be synthesized through the nitration of cinnamic acid. A common method involves the nitration of cinnamic acid with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The reaction is carried out under cooling to prevent excessive heating, leading to a yield of around 70-80%. The process requires careful handling due to the strong oxidizing nature of the nitric acid and the heat sensitivity of the intermediate products.