Aqueous MnO2/Mn2+ electrochemistry in batteries: progress, challenges, and perspectives
Literature Information
Haoshen Zhou
Rechargeable aqueous MnO2-based batteries have attracted extensive attention and development in recent years owing to their inherent low cost, high safety, and competitive specific capacity. Although the emerging MnO2 dissolution/deposition chemistry directs the MnO2-based batteries towards high energy density, it results in undesirable complexity in the reaction mechanism and capacity evolution in the batteries with traditional ion intercalation reactions. Batteries driven by the exclusive MnO2 dissolution/deposition reaction provide promising practicability in high-energy-density systems with a high theoretical specific capacity (616 mA h g−1) and desirable theoretical potential (1.991 V vs. Zn/Zn2+), along with the availability of a cathode-free design in the absence of ion intercalation, but are faced by several key challenges on the way to commercial applications and large-scale energy storage. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of the basic mechanisms and advanced development of MnO2 dissolution/deposition chemistry and critically analyze the main issues in the two distinguishing systems for MnO2-based batteries: partial MnO2 dissolution/deposition with ion insertion/conversion and exclusive MnO2 dissolution/deposition. Finally, the future development directions of MnO2-based batteries are outlined to guide the research for fundamental science and next-generation aqueous batteries.
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