Low carbon transportation fuels: deployment pathways, opportunities and challenges
Literature Information
Kai Morganti, Kjell Moljord, Richard Pearson, Monique Vermeire, Michael Traver, Pietro Scorletti, Tadeu de Melo, Yiran Wang, Philippe China, John Repasky, Fermín Oliva, Amy Bason
Low carbon fuels are transport energy carriers with a lower greenhouse gas footprint than existing fuels on a lifecycle basis. Although some low carbon fuels could be blended with existing fuels – making them practical options to reduce GHG emissions in the short-term – others may require new vehicles and infrastructure, limiting their short-term impact on emissions. In this study, we assess three deployment pathways for low carbon fuels in combination with a range of vehicle, vessel and aircraft efficiency improvements. The deployment pathways include: (1) refinery reformulated drop-in fuels compatible with existing fuel standards; (2) blended drop-in fuels compatible with existing fuel standards, and non-drop-in blended fuels that fall outside existing fuel standards; and (3) alternative fuels with fundamentally different supply chains that require new vehicles, vessels and aircraft to be purchased, many of which would be dedicated to the use of the alternative fuel (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia or methanol). Some low carbon fuels are shown to have relatively modest barriers to widespread deployment, but others require more substantial changes to achieve deep levels of decarbonization. Major challenges include establishing and scaling supply chains, revising fuel standards that directly or indirectly restrict the use of some low carbon fuels, and accelerating the pace of infrastructure deployment and adoption of new vehicles, vessels and aircraft by the market.
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Energy & Environmental Science

Energy & Environmental Science is an international journal dedicated to publishing exceptionally important and high quality, agenda-setting research tackling the key global and societal challenges of ensuring the provision of energy and protecting our environment for the future. The scope is intentionally broad and the journal recognises the complexity of issues and challenges relating to energy conversion and storage, alternative fuel technologies and environmental science. For work to be published it must be linked to the energy-environment nexus and be of significant general interest to our community-spanning readership. All scales of studies and analysis, from impactful fundamental advances, to interdisciplinary research across the (bio)chemical, (bio/geo)physical sciences and chemical engineering disciplines are welcomed. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following: Solar energy conversion and photovoltaics Solar fuels and artificial photosynthesis Fuel cells Hydrogen storage and (bio) hydrogen production Materials for energy systems Capture, storage and fate of CO2, including chemicals and fuels from CO2 Catalysis for a variety of feedstocks (for example, oil, gas, coal, biomass and synthesis gas) Biofuels and biorefineries Materials in extreme environments Environmental impacts of energy technologies Global atmospheric chemistry and climate change as related to energy systems Water-energy nexus Energy systems and networks Globally applicable principles of energy policy and techno-economics














