How is Ethyl L-norvalinate hydrochloride (CAS: 40918-51-2) typically synthesized?

Ethyl L-norvalinate hydrochloride is typically synthesized by the reaction of L-norvaline with ethyl chloroacetate in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydroxide. The reaction is generally carried out in an organic solvent like ethanol. The product is then isolated and crystallized from an aqueous solution. The yield of the reaction is around 90%, and the product can be obtained with good stereochemical control.