How is 4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzonitrile (CAS: 939-79-7) typically synthesized?

4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzonitrile can be synthesized through the nitrilation of 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid or its derivatives. Common methods include the use of nitric acid in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst, followed by hydrolysis of the imide intermediate. The reaction is typically carried out at elevated temperatures, and the yield can range from 70-85% depending on the reaction conditions.