Atmospheric oxidation reactions of imidazole initiated by hydroxyl radicals: kinetics and mechanism of reactions and atmospheric implications
Literature Information
Zahra Safaei, Abolfazl Shiroudi, Ehsan Zahedi, Mika Sillanpää
The atmospheric oxidation mechanism of imidazole initiated by hydroxyl radicals is investigated via OH-addition and H-abstraction pathways by quantum chemistry calculations at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory coupled with reaction kinetics calculations using statistical Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory and transition state theory (TST). It was found that OH addition proceeds more rapidly than H-abstraction by several orders of magnitude. Moreover, H-abstraction reactions with submerged barriers exhibit positive temperature dependence. Effects of reaction temperature and pressure on the reaction between imidazole and OH radicals are studied by means of RRKM calculations. Effective rate coefficients involve two-step mechanisms. According to the experiment, the obtained branching ratios show that the kinetically most efficient process corresponds to OH addition onto a carbon atom which is adjacent to a nitrogen atom having a lower energy barrier. These ratios also reveal that the regioselectivity of the oxidation reaction decreases with increasing temperatures and decreasing pressures. Because of negative activation energies, pressures larger than 100 bar are required to reach the high pressure limit. The atmospheric lifetime of imidazole in the presence of OH radicals is estimated to be ∼4.74 days, based on the calculated overall kinetic rate constant of 1.22 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at a pressure of 1 bar and nearly ambient temperature. NBO analysis demonstrates that the calculated energy barriers are dictated by charge transfer effects and aromaticity changes because of the delocalization of nitrogen lone pairs to empty π* orbitals.
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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP) is an international journal co-owned by 19 physical chemistry and physics societies from around the world. This journal publishes original, cutting-edge research in physical chemistry, chemical physics and biophysical chemistry. To be suitable for publication in PCCP, articles must include significant innovation and/or insight into physical chemistry; this is the most important criterion that reviewers and Editors will judge against when evaluating submissions. The journal has a broad scope and welcomes contributions spanning experiment, theory, computation and data science. Topical coverage includes spectroscopy, dynamics, kinetics, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, catalysis, surface science, quantum mechanics, quantum computing and machine learning. Interdisciplinary research areas such as polymers and soft matter, materials, nanoscience, energy, surfaces/interfaces, and biophysical chemistry are welcomed if they demonstrate significant innovation and/or insight into physical chemistry. Joined experimental/theoretical studies are particularly appreciated when complementary and based on up-to-date approaches.














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