Lithium salts as “redox active” p-type dopants for organic semiconductors and their impact in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells
Literature Information
Antonio Abate, Tomas Leijtens, Sandeep Pathak, Joël Teuscher, Roberto Avolio, Maria E. Errico, James Kirkpatrik, James M. Ball, Pablo Docampo, Ian McPherson, Henry J. Snaith
Lithium salts have been shown to dramatically increase the conductivity in a broad range of polymeric and small molecule organic semiconductors (OSs). Here we demonstrate and identify the mechanism by which Li+ p-dopes OSs in the presence of oxygen. After we established the lithium doping mechanism, we re-evaluate the role of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide (Li-TFSI) in 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9′-Spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) based solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ss-DSSCs). The doping mechanism consumes Li+ during the device operation, which poses a problem, since the lithium salt is required at the dye-sensitized heterojunction to enhance charge generation. This compromise highlights that new additives are required to maximize the performance and the long-term stability of ss-DSSCs.
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