How is Ethyl (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxy-2-butenoate (CAS: 794574-92-8) typically synthesized?

Ethyl (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxy-2-butenoate (CAS: 794574-92-8) is typically synthesized via a multi-step reaction involving acylation, cyanation, and hydroxylation. The reaction often uses acetic anhydride for acylation, sodium cyanide for cyanation, and a base like sodium hydroxide for hydroxylation. The yield is around 70-80%, and the reaction is carried out under mild to moderate conditions to ensure selectivity.