How is 3-Hydroxynonanoic acid (CAS: 88930-09-0) typically synthesized?

3-Hydroxynonanoic acid can be synthesized via the hydrolysis of 9-nonenoyl chloride in the presence of a base. Alternatively, it can be prepared by the reduction of 9-nonenoyl acyl chlorides using sodium borohydride or other reducing agents. The yield is generally high, and the reaction is conducted under mild conditions to ensure selectivity.