How is DL-Lysine monohydrate (CAS: 885701-25-7) typically synthesized?

DL-Lysine monohydrate (CAS: 885701-25-7) is typically synthesized by the fermentation of corn steep liquor or fermentation broth. The process involves microbial fermentation, followed by extraction, purification, and crystallization steps. Commonly used fermentation methods include fermentation of Corynebacterium glutamicum or Streptomyces natalensis. The yield can be around 90%, and the process often uses peptone as a nitrogen source and glucose as a carbon source.