How is (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoate (CAS: 927-89-9) typically synthesized?

The synthesis of (E)-4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoate often involves the reaction of trimethylamine with but-2-enoyl chloride. This process can be conducted in the presence of a suitable base such as triethylamine to enhance the reaction yield. The use of a phase-transfer catalyst can also improve the selectivity and efficiency of the reaction. The product can then be purified by recrystallization or column chromatography.