How is (3S)-3-Amino-3-(4-cyanophenyl)propanoic acid (CAS: 718599-77-1) typically synthesized?

(3S)-3-Amino-3-(4-cyanophenyl)propanoic acid is often synthesized through the reaction of 4-cyanobenzoyl chloride with (3S)-3-aminopropanoic acid. The reaction proceeds with the formation of an ester intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed to yield the final product. This process typically involves the use of a phase transfer catalyst and optimization of reaction conditions for high yield and selectivity.