How is (9cis)-beta,beta-Carotene (CAS: 13312-52-2) typically synthesized?

(9cis)-beta,beta-Carotene is usually synthesized via chemical methods starting from commercially available precursors such as geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Common synthetic routes involve the use of enzymes like carotenoid cyclases and reductases, and reactions like double bond isomerization and reduction. The yield and selectivity of these processes can vary, but industrial methods aim for high efficiency and purity.