MXene-modified electrodes and electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted much attention as promising tools in renewable energy conversion technology. This is mainly because of their beneficial qualities, such as their impressive efficiency levels and low-cost fabrication techniques. An overview of MXene-modified electrodes in DSSCs is given in this review article. MXenes are two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides or nitrides with remarkable properties such as high conductivity and large surface area. MXenes’ properties make them an appealing material for various applications, including energy storage, catalysis, and electronic devices. MXene integration enhances ion transport, dye adsorption, and charge transport in DSSC electrodes. In-depth analysis of the use of 2D Mxene and integration with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), 2D MoS2, and hybrids like 2D–2D heterostructures for electrode modification in photovoltaics (PVs), including anodes, photoanodes, composite decorated electrodes, counter electrodes (CEs), and electrolytes, is provided in this review article. The effects on the performance metrics of various deposition techniques are discussed and assessed. The use of MXene-modified electrodes in DSSCs suggests potential for enhancing the performance and efficiency of these solar cells in general. The article examines this strategy's potential advantages and implications, illuminating the fascinating advancements in the area and emphasizing MXenes’ potential as a valuable substance for renewable energy applications. We also discuss the difficulties and potential benefits of using MXene-modified electrodes in DSSCs and emphasize the need for additional study to enhance stability, optimize MXene integration techniques, and enhance long-term device performance. The scalability and potential of MXene-based electrode modifications for commercial applications are also covered, addressing issues and prospects for the future, focusing on the necessity of more study. Electrodes modified with MXenes can improve DSSC performance and advance sustainable energy conversion.