Understanding the structural and chemical changes in vertical graphene nanowalls upon plasma nitrogen ion implantation
Literature Information
P. A. Manojkumar, Nanda Gopala Krishna, G. Mangamma, S. K. Albert
Shallow plasma ion implantation is a versatile method for nitrogen incorporation in vertical graphene nanowalls (VGNs). However, the defects introduced by the process and the preference of nitrogen to occupy various locations in the 2D layered structure make the characterization complex. We have simplified the analysis of 2 kV nitrogen plasma ion implanted VGNs by correlating the binding energy of N1s electrons with the chemical state of nitrogen as lone-pair localized (N1), lone-pair de-localized (N2) and quaternary nitrogen (N3). This new approach helps to understand the electronic nature of implanted VGNs, based on the occupancy of structural locations by nitrogen. The C1s photoelectron spectra and G-peak intensity normalized comparison of the entire Raman spectra revealed large scale sp2C to sp3C conversion and generation of defects upon implantation. The increase in relative stiffness of implanted VGNs, as observed in atomic force acoustic microscopic studies, was correlated with the formation of graphitic CNx (N2), crosslinking of layers by nitrogen (N3) and interlayer sp3 carbon.
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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP) is an international journal co-owned by 19 physical chemistry and physics societies from around the world. This journal publishes original, cutting-edge research in physical chemistry, chemical physics and biophysical chemistry. To be suitable for publication in PCCP, articles must include significant innovation and/or insight into physical chemistry; this is the most important criterion that reviewers and Editors will judge against when evaluating submissions. The journal has a broad scope and welcomes contributions spanning experiment, theory, computation and data science. Topical coverage includes spectroscopy, dynamics, kinetics, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, catalysis, surface science, quantum mechanics, quantum computing and machine learning. Interdisciplinary research areas such as polymers and soft matter, materials, nanoscience, energy, surfaces/interfaces, and biophysical chemistry are welcomed if they demonstrate significant innovation and/or insight into physical chemistry. Joined experimental/theoretical studies are particularly appreciated when complementary and based on up-to-date approaches.














