Zebrafish assays as developmental toxicity indicators in the green design of TAML oxidation catalysts

Literature Information

Publication Date 2013-07-15
DOI 10.1039/C3GC40376A
Impact Factor 10.182
Authors

Lisa Truong, Matthew A. DeNardo, Soumen Kundu, Terrence J. Collins, Robert L. Tanguay


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Abstract

TAML activators promise a novel approach to water treatment by efficiently catalysing peroxide degradation of chemicals of high concern, including developmental toxicants. Seven TAML activators were subjected to zebrafish toxicity assays (1) to determine if developmental toxicity might be present to avoid in water treatment the very same problem that the catalysts have been designed to reduce/eliminate, and (2) to look for relationships between the structure, the known reactivity in peroxide catalysis and the toxicity. Differential toxicity within the studied TAML group and an interpretable design relationship have been revealed. Electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) on the TAML macrocycle are known to increase the oxidative aggression of TAML/peroxide in the order Cl < CN < NO2 with the most reactive NO2-substituted catalysts being the most useful for degrading trace contaminants. The toxicity toward zebrafish was found to increase in the reverse order, NO2 < CN < Cl, the most positive possible result. While all the catalysts tested as possessing negligible toxicity at typical TAML/peroxide operating concentrations, three exhibited sufficient toxicity at higher concentrations to convey green design insight by indicating that these variants should be avoided in water treatment.

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Green Chemistry provides a unique forum for the publication of innovative research on the development of alternative green and sustainable technologies. The scope of Green Chemistry is based on, but not limited to, the definition proposed by Anastas and Warner (Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, P T Anastas and J C Warner, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998). Green chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Green Chemistry is at the frontiers of this continuously-evolving interdisciplinary science and publishes research that attempts to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing a technology base that is inherently non-toxic to living things and the environment. Submissions on all aspects of research relating to the endeavour are welcome. The journal publishes original and significant cutting-edge research that is likely to be of wide general appeal. To be published, work must present a significant advance in green chemistry. Papers must contain a comparison with existing methods and demonstrate advantages over those methods before publication can be considered. For more information please see this Editorial. Coverage includes the following, but is not limited to: Design (e.g. biomimicry, design for degradation/recycling/reduced toxicity…) Reagents & Feedstocks (e.g. renewables, CO2, solvents, auxiliary agents, waste utilization…) Synthesis (e.g. organic, inorganic, synthetic biology…) Catalysis (e.g. homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzyme, whole cell…) Process (e.g. process design, intensification, separations, recycling, efficiency…) Energy (e.g. renewable energy, fuels, photovoltaics, fuel cells, energy storage, energy carriers…) Applications (e.g. electronics, dyes, consumer products, coatings, pharmaceuticals, preservatives, building materials, chemicals for industry/agriculture/mining…) Impact (e.g. safety, metrics, LCA, sustainability, (eco)toxicology…) Green chemistry is, by definition, a continuously-evolving frontier. Therefore, the inclusion of a particular material or technology does not, of itself, guarantee that a paper is suitable for the journal. To be suitable, the novel advance should have the potential for reduced environmental impact relative to the state of the art. Green Chemistry does not normally deal with research associated with 'end-of-pipe' or remediation issues.

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